Anecdotal fallacy: Using a personal experience or isolated example instead of sound reasoning or compelling evidence.
The attribution of characteristics, emotions, or behaviors to non-human entities, like animals, deities, or objects.
The fallacy of assuming that because something is possible, it is probable, without sufficient evidence.
The mistaken belief that if an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false.
The tendency to attribute greater accuracy or importance to the opinion of an authority figure, regardless of its validity.
The tendency to rely too heavily on automated systems or technology, even when they may be incorrect.
The tendency to adopt certain behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes because many other people are doing the same.
The cognitive bias that causes people to appear more attractive when seen as part of a group rather than individually.
Clustering illusion: The tendency to see patterns or clusters in random data.
The production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the intention to deceive.
The tendency to more easily recognize faces of one’s own race than faces of other races.
The tendency to assume that others have the same level of understanding or knowledge when explaining something.
The belief that a society or institution is inevitably declining or deteriorating.
The tendency to spend money in smaller denominations (e.g., coins or smaller bills) more easily than larger denominations.
The belief that certain categories (e.g., gender, race) have an underlying and unchanging essence that makes them what they are.
The belief that people are motivated solely by external rewards, rather than by intrinsic motivation.
The tendency to see objects or concepts in a limited way, only in terms of their traditional use or function, which can hinder problem-solving.
The belief that future probabilities are influenced by past events in a series of independent random events.
The belief that the characteristics of an individual group member are reflective of the group as a whole, or vice versa.
The tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinions in another area.
The inclination to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.
The belief that a person who has experienced success in a random event is more likely to have continued success.
The belief that one’s knowledge of others is greater than others’ knowledge of oneself.
The belief that an external force or agent is causing one’s actions, even though the actions are internally driven.
The belief that one’s emotions and internal states are more apparent to others than they actually are.
Illusion of validity: The belief that a person’s judgments are accurate, especially when available information seems to support them, even if they are not statistically valid.
The tendency to perceive a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists.
The tendency to overestimate the emotional impact of future events, both positive and negative.
The tendency to favor members of one’s own group over those in other groups.
The tendency to disregard the size of a sample when making inferences, assuming that small samples are just as reliable as large ones.
The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, assuming that the world is fair.
Masked-man fallacy: Confusing two different senses of a word or phrase, leading to faulty reasoning.
The tendency to treat money differently depending on its source or how it is categorized, leading to irrational spending behaviors.
The tendency for individuals to behave unethically after establishing a track record of moral or ethical behavior, as they believe their previous actions give them moral “credit.”
The tendency to assign moral blame or praise based on the outcome of an event, even if the individual had no control over the outcome.
The adage that anything that can go wrong will go wrong.
The tendency to disregard probability when making decisions, especially under conditions of uncertainty.
The tendency to underestimate the likelihood and impact of a disaster because it has never happened before or is perceived as unlikely.
The tendency to avoid using products, research, or knowledge that was not developed within one’s own organization or group.
Out-group homogeneity bias: The tendency to view members of an out-group as more similar to one another than members of the in-group.
The tendency to judge a decision based on its outcome rather than the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
The tendency to perceive meaningful images, patterns, or sounds, like seeing faces in inanimate objects or hearing hidden messages in sounds.
The tendency to underestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes or situations.
The phenomenon where a person experiences a real or perceived improvement in their condition simply because they believe they are receiving treatment, even if it’s inactive.
The tendency to underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a task, even when past experiences suggest otherwise.
The tendency to focus on and remember more information than negative information as one ages.
Pro-innovation bias: The tendency to overvalue new technologies or innovations and undervalue existing solutions.
The tendency to assume that others share the same beliefs, attitudes, or thoughts as oneself.
The tendency to devalue an idea or proposal solely because it originated from an opposing group or adversary.
Recency illusion: The belief that a phenomenon is recent when it has existed for a long time because one only recently noticed it.
The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to resist temptation or impulsive behaviors.
The tendency to remember past events as being more positive than they actually were.
Self-consistency bias: The tendency to believe that one’s past attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs are consistent with current attitudes and beliefs.
The tendency to overestimate how much others notice one’s appearance or behavior.
Generalizing the characteristics, attributes, or behaviors of an individual based on their membership in a social group.
The tendency to perceive the probability of the whole as less than the sum of its parts.
The tendency to focus on successful examples and overlook those that did not survive, leading to biased conclusions.
The tendency to misremember recent events as being more distant in time and distant events as more recent.
A theory that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory is 7 ± 2.
The tendency to underestimate the time savings from small improvements and overestimate the time saved from large improvements.
The tendency to attribute negative actions of out-group members to their character, while attributing positive actions to external factors.
The tendency to underestimate the time it takes to travel familiar routes and overestimate time for unfamiliar routes.
The tendency to view a situation as a zero-sum game, where one party’s gain is perceived as another party’s loss, even when this isn’t the case.
%20(1080%20%C3%97%20608%20px)%20(4).png)
