The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the “anchor”) when making decisions.
The tendency to pay more attention to certain stimuli or information while simultaneously ignoring other information.
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.
The tendency to ignore general information in favor of specific information when making judgments, often leading to inaccurate conclusions.
The tendency to recognize cognitive biases in others but fail to see them in oneself.
The tendency for unusual material to be remembered better than common, ordinary material.
The tendency to retroactively attribute positive qualities to a chosen option and negative qualities to rejected options.
The tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs.
The tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, rather than considering alternative hypotheses.
The tendency to revise one’s beliefs insufficiently when presented with new evidence.
The influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus, altering judgments and memory retrieval based on the context.
The persistence of misinformation in a person’s memory and influence even after it has been corrected.
The enhancement or diminishing of perception or judgment as a result of exposure to something with contrasting qualities.
A type of forgetting that occurs when memory retrieval cues are not present, making it difficult to recall information.
The tendency to view two options as more different when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately.
The difficulty in understanding or predicting the emotional states and feelings of others or even of oneself when in a different emotional state.
The tendency to let expectations influence perception and interpretation of new data.
The influence that an experimenter’s expectations or personal beliefs can have on the outcome of research.
The tendency to place too much importance on one aspect of an event while ignoring other factors.
The way information is presented influences decision-making and judgments.
The phenomenon in which something you recently learned or noticed suddenly seems to appear frequently, creating the illusion that it occurs more often than it actually does.
The phenomenon in which humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous items.
The phenomenon where repeated exposure to false information makes people more likely to believe it as true.
The tendency to develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar.
The tendency to think of money in nominal terms, rather than real terms, ignoring inflation or deflation.
The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one’s current mood, whether positive or negative.
The belief that others’ actions are more likely to be self-serving and based on cynical motivations than one’s own.
The belief that we see the world as it truly is, and that people who disagree are either uninformed, irrational, or biased.
The tendency to give more weight to experiences or information compared to others.
The phenomenon where the act of observation changes the behavior being observed.
Observer-expectancy effect: When a researcher’s cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence participants in an experiment.
The tendency to view harmful actions as worse, or less morally acceptable, than equally harmful omissions.
The tendency to avoid information perceived as negative or unpleasant.
The tendency to remember better than words.
The tendency to justify a purchase after the fact in order to reduce cognitive dissonance.
The tendency to perceive and interpret ambiguous stimuli in a way that aligns with one’s expectations or beliefs.
Information that is personally relevant to an individual is more likely to be remembered.
The tendency to reject new information or evidence that contradicts established norms or beliefs.
The tendency to consider information as true if it aligns with one’s beliefs or desires, regardless of the actual validity.
The tendency for an item that sticks out like a sore thumb to be more easily remembered than other items.
The principle that the perceived change in a stimulus is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus.
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